FLORA OF CRETE: Supplement II, Additions 1997-2008

Nicholas Turland & Lance Chilton

© copyright Nicholas Turland & Lance Chilton, 2008.
Last updated: 16 August 2008 (previous update: 17 January 2007).
Distribution maps created using DMAP.

CONTENTS:   Introduction
                              Fig. 1. Basic analysis of the flora
                              Fig. 2. Analysis of the endemic element within the native flora
                           List of taxa: jump to Eudicots
                           Appendix (taxa apparently not recorded since 1930 or earlier)
                           References

INTRODUCTION

The following data provide a second supplement to Flora of the Cretan area: annotated checklist & atlas (hereafter FCA; Turland, Chilton & Press, 1993), and include several new taxa and numerous new records published since Flora of Crete: a supplement (hereafter FCS; Chilton & Turland, 1997). The major taxonomic groups have been adjusted to reflect current understanding of phylogeny: the angiosperms comprise the 'basal angiosperms' (Ceratophyllaceae, Lauraceae and Aristolochiaceae in the Cretan area), then the monocots, then the eudicots. Families, genera, species, etc. remain in alphabetical order, but family circumscriptions now follow the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG; see website).

Page references to both FCA and FCS are given. Places of publication of plant names are provided only when such references are not given in FCA or FCS. Similarly, genera are cited with authority when not given in FCA or FCS. Synonyms are given only when the accepted name differs from that in FCA or FCS. Abbreviation of journals now follows BPH-2 (Bridson & al., 2004). Status, habitats, altitudinal range, and flowering times are given for additions to the flora, where known; altitudes are rounded off to the nearest 50 m unless the range is below 100 m. Comments on this supplement, as well as on FCA and FCS are welcome.

See also Flowers of Crete (Fielding & Turland, 2005).

Nicholas Turland, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A.
e-mail: nicholas.turland@mobot.org or web page
Lance Chilton, Marengo Publications, 17 Bernard Crescent, Hunstanton PE36 6ER, U.K.
e-mail: here or web page

The following tables provide a update of the similar information given in FCA (p. xii). Note that doubtfully native species are included here with introduced species, rather than with native species as in FCA. Certain species of Ophrys and Orchis sensu lato, previously treated under 'species groups', are now counted individually. For example, the O. fusca group is counted not as one aggregate species but as eight segregate species: O. cinereophila, O. creberrima, O. cressa, O. creticola, O. leucadica, O. lindia, O. phaseliana and O. thriptiensis.

Fig. 1. Basic analysis of the flora <original FCA version>

 

Families1

Genera1

Native
species

Introduced
species2

Doubtfully present
species

 

Area

Cr

Kp

Area

Cr

Kp

Area

Cr

Kp

Area

Cr

Kp

Area

Cr

Kp

Pteridophytes

14

14

10

22

22

13

37

36

15

0

0

0

2

2

0

Gymnosperms

3

3

3

4

4

3

5

5

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

Angiosperms

111

111

88

604

597

422

1786

1701

982

143

140

46

74

79

4

TOTALS

128

128

101

630

623

438

1828

1742

1001

143

140

46

76

81

4

Notes:
1 Containing at least one native species.
2 Doubtfully native species, naturalized or possibly naturalized species, or species of uncertain status assumed to be introduced; species known only as casuals are excluded.
Cr = Crete; Kp = Karpathos island group.

Fig. 2. Analysis of the endemic element within the native flora <original FCA version>

 

No. of
spp.

Endemic

Endemic to
Cretan area

 

 

No.

%

No.

%

Cretan area

1828

189

10.33

189

10.33

Crete

1742

159

9.12

177

10.16

Karpathos group

1001

12

1.19

30

2.99

Note:
Where endemic status is questionable, species are considered to be endemic until their occurrence elsewhere can be confirmed.

LIST OF TAXA

* = endemic to the Cretan area
[] = not native
? = doubtfully present

PTERIDOPHYTES

ISOËTACEAE

Isoëtes durieui Bory in Compt.-Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 18: 1166 (1844).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Viannos: Amalos plain and Karpathos: Lastos plain by Böhling & Raus (in Greuter & Raus, 2000: 229).
Native; moist places in Sarcopoterium spinosum phrygana, seasonally flooded ground; 700-1300 m.

GYMNOSPERMS

PINACEAE

Pinus halepensis Mill., Gard. Dict., ed. 8, Pinus no. 8 (1768).
subsp. brutia (Ten.) Holmboe in Bergens Mus. Skr., ser. 2, 1(2): 29 (1914).
= P. brutia Ten. (FCA: 34; FCS: 10).
Treated by Christensen (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 8) as P. halepensis subsp. brutia.

ANGIOSPERMS

MONOCOTS

ALLIACEAE

*Allium brachyspathum Brullo & al. in Bocconea 13: 414 (2001).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Karpathos: "Akro[tiri] Skopi" (SE. of Menetes) and "Oro[s] Lastos" by Brullo & al. (2001) and from Crete, Ep. Sitia: Koufonisi island by Bergmeier & al. (2001: 347). Endemic to E. Crete and Karpathos.
Endemic; calcareous rocky places on inland mountains, Sarcopoterium spinosum garigue, offshore islands; fl. ?June-July.

Allium longanum Pamp. (FCA: 181).
Recorded from W. Crete, Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 347).

Allium neapolitanum Cirillo (FCA: 181; FCS: 106).
Post-1930 occurrence in Crete confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Kidonia: W. of Sternes by Fielding (in Fielding & Turland, 2005: 447).

Allium staticiforme Sm. (FCA: 181; FCS: 107).
Recorded from E. Crete, Ep. Ierapetra: Gaïdouronisi island and Ep. Sitia: Koufonisi island, by Bergmeier & al. (2001: 348).

AMARYLLIDACEAE

[Sternbergia fischeriana] Rupr. in Gartenflora 1868: 100 (1868).
?= S. vernalis (Mill.) Gorer & J. H. Harv. in Plantsman 10: 204 (1989).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Mirambello: W. of Elounda by Turland (in Fielding & Turland, 2005: 456). This species otherwise occurs in W. and C. Asia, in some of those localities presumably native, but in others probably introduced.
Status uncertain; fl. January-February.

Sternbergia sicula Tineo ex Guss. (FCA: 158).
?= S. minoica Ravenna in Onira Bot. Leafl. 5: 39 (2001).
Ravenna (2001) described S. minoica based on plants cultivated in Santiago, Chile, originally collected "from a single, large, rocky elevation between Agia Gallini and Nea Krysia, Melampe district" (presumably meaning Ep. Agios Vasilios: between Nea Kria Vrisi and Agia Galini, near Melambes). The new taxon was described as having leaves dark green, with a paler central stripe throughout their length, 4-8 mm wide, and tepals ca 3.8 × 1.3-1.5 cm, the outer ones cuspidate at the apex, the inner ones obtuse. This plant may be conspecific with S. sicula, although further study is required. Ravenna in fact attempted an informal revision of Sternbergia, in Greece at least, and dismissed or disregarded much of the very careful work by Kamari and Artelari (1990), without presenting any evidence to support his alternative views.

ARACEAE
Incl. LEMNACEAE

Lemna minor L. (FCA: 180; FCS: 105).
Recorded here as new to E. Crete, Ep. Mirambello: Nofalias, 500 m, 6 April 1999, Chilton obs.; Karidi, 475 m, 6 April 1999, Chilton obs.; Kato Pines, 175 m, 1 April 1999, Chilton obs.; Kato Elounda, 10 m, 1 April 1999, Chilton obs.; Mavrikiano, 15 m, 3 April 1999, Chilton obs. At these localities, the plant grows in deep, sunken, stone-lined water storage tanks, but was not found in any natural habitats. These localities are distant from the previous records at Georgioupoli (W. Crete), and probably represent introductions on birds' feet, possibly from the Greek or Turkish mainland.

COLCHICACEAE

*Androcymbium rechingeri Greuter (FCA: 182; FCS: 107, map p. 45).
Records of A. rechingeri from Karpathos (in FCS), based on fruiting plants, are erroneous and refer to a form of Colchicum pusillum Sieber with broad leaves appressed to the ground. In April 2003, Chilton collected fruiting plants from one of the populations in Karpathos (E. of Pigadia); at the same time Turland collected identical plants from E. Crete (Ep. Sitia: E. of Agia Fotia). In November 2003, the plants from Karpathos flowered (in hort. Chilton) and proved to be Colchicum pusillum, not Androcymbium. The plants recorded in FCS as Androcymbium (with doubt) from near Vaï in E. Crete had leaf rosettes only and almost certainly represent the same Colchicum. We thank Dr Karin Persson (Botanical Garden, Göteborg, Sweden) for confirming the identity of these plants as C. pusillum (pers. comm., December 2003 and 13 February 2004). See Turland & Chilton (2006).

CYPERACEAE

Carex illegitima Ces. (FCA: 160).
Recorded from W. Crete, Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 342).

Cyperus laevigatus L., Mant. Pl. 2: 179 (1771).
= Juncellus laevigatus (L.) C. B. Clarke (FCA: 162; FCS: 93).
Goetghebeur (1998: 170) treated Juncellus C. B. Clarke as a synonym of Cyperus L.
subsp. distachyos (All.) Maire & Weiller in Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 4: 35 (1957).
= J. laevigatus subsp. distachyos (All.) P. H. Davis (FCA: 162; FCS: 93).
W., C. & E. Crete; Karpathos.
Native; brackish coastal marshes; 0-30 m; fl. April-May.
[subsp. laevigatus]
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Rethimni: Rethimno harbour by Ristow (in Greuter & Raus, 1999: 65).
Status uncertain; moist sandy places on seashore; sea level.

Cyperus michelianus (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 303 (1827).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Apokoronos: Kournas lake by Boteva & Wolf (in Greuter & Raus, 2000: 241).
Native; temporarily flooded area of wet sandy to clayey soil at lake shore; 20 m.

[Eleocharis caduca] (Delile) Schult., Mant. 2: 88 (1824).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Kissamos: Koutsomatados and Ep. Apokoronos: Kournas lake by Greuter & al. (2002b). First recorded by Yannitsaros & Koumpli-Sovantzi (1992: 584-585, as "Eleocharis sp."), this species is mainly distributed in tropical Africa with a few outposts in the Mediterranean region.
Status uncertain; wet sandy and pebbly places at lake shore, ditch; 30-900 m.

Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br., Prodr.: 222 (1810).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Kidonia: between Papadiana and Nea Roumata by Böhling (in Greuter & Raus, 2000: 242).
Native; wet schistose ditch; 300 m.

Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla (FCA: 162).
subsp. lacustris
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Lasithi: Lasithi plain, river between Kato Metohi and Moni Vidiani, by Deschatres & Greuter (in Greuter & Raus, 2001: 325-326).
Native; forming large tufts in river.

Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla (FCA: 162).
Post-1930 occurrence in Crete confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Ierapetra: Gaïdouronisi island by Bergmeier & al. (2001: 348).

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea L.
= Tamus L.
Caddick & al. (2002) treated Tamus as a synonym of Dioscorea.

Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin in Taxon 51: 112 (2002).
= Tamus communis L. (FCA: 162; FCS: 94).

GRAMINEAE: see POACEAE

HYACINTHACEAE

Bellevalia dubia (Guss.) Rchb. (FCA: 182; FCS: 108).
subsp. boissieri (Freyn) Feinbrun in Palestine J. Bot., Jerusalem Ser. 1: 348 (1940).
The note in FCS should have referred to Kasos, not "Karpathos". Raus (1996: 48) stated that the sole record from the Karpathos island group, from Kasos (Major 800, G, revised by T. Raus), was based on a misidentification of Muscari weissii Freyn. The record from Ep. Kissamos: Korikos peninsula mapped in FCA, based on a record by Strasser (1988: 6, 22, 24), if correctly identified as B. dubia, should be referable to subsp. boissieri. Borzatti de Loewenstern & Garbari (2002, 2003) gave subsp. dubia as endemic to Sicily and subsp. boissieri as distributed in the E. Mediterranean region from S. Italy (Calabria) eastward.

*Bellevalia sitiaca Kypr. & Tzanoud. in Bot. Helv. 109: 85 (1999).
= Bellevalia brevipedicellata sensu auct. cret. orient., non Turrill (FCS: 108).
= Muscari macrocarpum sensu auct. cret., non Sweet (FCA: 184).
Described since FCS, comprising the tetraploid (2n = 16) plants from E. Crete (Ep. Sitia) formerly referred to B. brevipedicellata Turrill (Kypriotakis & Tzanoudakis, 1999). Endemic to E. Crete.

Charybdis Speta

Charybdis maritima (L.) Speta in Phyton (Horn) 38: 60 (1998), sensu lato.
= Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn (FCA: 183; FCS: 108).
Treated by Speta (1998b: 60) as C. maritima. The plants from the Cretan area may be the tetraploid (2n = 40) C. aphylla (Forssk.) Speta (Krenn & al., 2001: 104) or an as yet undescribed species of Charybdis so far known from S. Peloponnisos, Kithira, Crete and the Kiklades (Pfosser & Speta, 2001: 229-235); both sets of authors give C. maritima sensu stricto as a hexaploid taxon restricted to the W. Mediterranean region.

Muscari parviflorum Desf. (FCA: 184).
Recorded here as new to Karpathos: 500 m NW. of Mesohori, 15 m, base of wall on cultivated terrace, 25 October 2000, Shipton obs., Chilton det. Only a few plants were seen, and not in similar habitats elsewhere around the village. Previously known in the Cretan area only from the Akrotiri peninsula in W. Crete.

Ornithogalum arabicum L. (FCA: 184).
Given as naturalized in Crete in FCA, based on Rechinger (1943: 725) and Barclay (1986: 125), but the single small population on Gavdos was considered to be native by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 348).

Ornithogalum dictaeum Landström, Sp. Ornithogalum Greece: 5 (1989).
*subsp. dictaeum
Omitted from FCA and FCS. Recorded from Ep. Lasithi and Ep. Mirambello: Dikti massif by Landström (1989: 5, 7, 36), who noted (loc. cit.: 36) that some records of O. nivale Boiss. from Crete should probably be referred to O. dictaeum subsp. dictaeum. Recorded also from Ep. Kidonia: between Omalos plain and Kallergi refuge by Fielding (in Fielding & Turland, 2005: 498-500). The species is otherwise represented by subsp. naxense Landström (loc. cit.: 7), which is endemic to the island of Naxos in the Kiklades.
Endemic; calcareous cliffs & screes; 800-1300m; fl. April to June.

Ornithogalum sibthorpii Greuter (FCA: 185; FCS: 110).
Occurrence in the Cretan area confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Mirambello: Katharo plain by Fielding (in Fielding & Turland, 2005: 499-500).
Native; grassy places; 1100 m; fl. April.

Prospero Salisb.

Prospero autumnale (L.) Salisb., Gen. Pl.: 28 (1866), sensu lato.
= Scilla autumnalis L. (FCA: 185; FCS: 110).
Treated by Speta (1982: 4) as P. autumnale.

The following six species were described by Speta (2000), based on specimens made from plants cultivated in Linz, Austria, and originally collected in Crete. All six species are apparently diploids, with chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 12 to 2n = 28. They are treated here under P. autumnale sensu lato until further study of Prospero throughout its distribution results in a more satisfactory taxonomic arrangement. Bergmeier & al. (2001: 351) noted that plants from Ep. Sitia: Koufonisi island and adjacent islets do not match any of the following six species and may represent another, undescribed taxon. Valdés (2004) transferred the six species to Scilla L.

Prospero battagliae Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 32: 1325 (2000).
= Scilla battagliae (Speta) Valdés in Willdenowia 34: 64 (2004).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Lasithi: Lasithi plain. Endemic to Crete. 2n = 28.

Prospero depressum Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 32: 1325 (2000).
= Scilla depressa (Speta) Valdés in Willdenowia 34: 64 (2004).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Omalos. Endemic to Crete. 2n = 14.

Prospero hierapytnense Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 32: 1325 (2000).
= Scilla hierapytnensis (Speta) Valdés in Willdenowia 34: 64 (2004) ["hierapytnense"].
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Ierapetra: Kavousi. Endemic to Crete. 2n = 26.

Prospero idaeum Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 32: 1324 (2000).
= Scilla idaea (Speta) Valdés in Willdenowia 34: 64 (2004).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Milopotamos: Nida plain. Endemic to Crete. 2n = 14.

Prospero minimum Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 32: 1324 (2000).
= Scilla minima (Speta) Valdés in Willdenowia 34: 64 (2004).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Sfakia: Imbros. Endemic to Crete. 2n = 12.

Prospero rhadamanthi Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 32: 1324 (2000).
= Scilla rhadamanthi (Speta) Valdés in Willdenowia 34: 64 (2004).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Rethimni: Petres gorge. Endemic to Crete. 2n = 14.

*Prospero talosii (Tzanoud. & Kypr.) Speta in Phyton (Horn) 38: 116 (14 Aug 1998).
= Scilla talosii Tzanoud. & Kypr. in Folia Geobot. 33: 104 (10 May 1998).
Described since FCS, and related to P. autumnale as well as to P. obtusifolium (Poir.) Salisb. (S. obtusifolia Poir.) from the W. Mediterranean region. Endemic to C. Crete (Ep. Pedias: Dia island). A high polyploid with 2n = ca 150. Transferred by Speta (1998b: 116) to Prospero.
Endemic; limestone cliffs; fl. October-November.

*Scilla cydonia Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 30: 432 (1998).
= S. bifolia sensu auct. cret., non L. (FCA: 185; FCS: 110).
Described since FCS, comprising plants from both Crete and Karpathos formerly referred to S. bifolia L. sensu lato (Speta, 1998a). Endemic to W. Crete and Karpathos.

*Scilla nana (Schult. & Schult. f) Speta (FCA: 185; FCS: 110).
Speta (1998a) divided the species as follows:
subsp. albescens (Speta) Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 30: 435 (1998).
Endemic to C. and E. Crete (Kedros, Psiloritis and Dikti). The plants from Afendis Kavousi presumably belong here, although Speta (loc. cit.) did not mention them.
subsp. nana
Endemic to W. Crete (Lefka Ori).

HYDROCHARITACEAE
Incl. NAJADACEAE

Najas marina L. (FCS: 110).
Given in FCS as recorded as new to the Cretan area (from Ep. Apokoronos: Kournas lake) by Yannitsaros & Koumpli-Sovantzi (1992: 583), but previously recorded from Crete, with no further details, by Triest & Uotila (in Davis & al., 1988: 217, as N. marina subsp. armata (H. Lindb.) Horn).

IRIDACEAE

Iris tuberosa L., Sp. Pl. 1: 40 (1753).
= Hermodactylus tuberosus (L.) Mill. (FCA: 178).
Treated as I. tuberosa by Turland & Mathew (in Fielding & Turland, 509-511. 2005).

Moraea Mill.
Gynandriris Parl. was treated as Moraea sect. Gynandriris (Parl.) Goldblatt by Goldblatt (1998).

Moraea mediterranea Goldblatt in Novon 8: 376 (1998).
= Gynandriris monophylla Boiss. & Heldr. ex Klatt (FCA: 178; FCS: 104).

Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl. in Ann. Bot. (König & Sims) 1: 201 (1805).
= Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. (FCA: 178).

LEMNACEAE: see ARACEAE

LILIACEAE

Fritillaria messanensis Raf. (FCA: 183; FCS: 108).
*subsp. sphaciotica (Gand.) Kamari & Phitos in Willdenowia 36: 225 (2006).
The Cretan plants of F. messanensis were treated as the endemic subsp. sphaciotica by Kamari & Phitos (2006).

Lilium candidum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 302 (1753).
Recorded as native from E. Crete, Ep. Mirambello (unlocalized) by Afordakos (1999). Given in FCA (p. 184) as "probably planted and more or less established" in W. Crete (Akrotiri peninsula).
Native; fl. June.

NAJADACEAE: see HYDROCHARITACEAE

ORCHIDACEAE

Kretzschmar & al. (2002) provided a revision of the Orchidaceae in the Cretan area. They recorded numerous hybrids (pp. 354-392), mainly in Ophrys and Orchis, in addition to those cited in FCA, FCS and here.

Anacamptis Rich.
See note under Orchis below.

Anacamptis boryi (Rchb. f.) R. M. Bateman & al. in Lindleyana 12: 120 (1997).
= Orchis boryi Rchb. f. (FCA: 192).

Anacamptis collina (Banks & Sol.) R. M. Bateman & al. in Lindleyana 12: 120 (1997).
= Orchis collina Banks & Sol. (FCA: 192).

*Anacamptis collina (Banks & Sol.) R. M. Bateman & al. × Orchis prisca Hautz.
= Orchis ×paschae Hautz. in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 81: 69 (1978).
Omitted from FCA and FCS. Recorded from Ep. Ierapetra: near Thripti, by Hautzinger (1978). As yet known only from the type locality. If this taxon is indeed a hybrid between Anacamptis and Orchis, under Art. H.11.1 of the ICBN (McNeill & al., 2006) the name O. ×paschae is incorrect, and a new combination under a nothogeneric name would be required.

Anacamptis fragrans (Pollini) R. M. Bateman in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142: 12 (2003).
= Orchis coriophora subsp. fragrans (Pollini) Sudre (FCA: 192).
= Orchis fragrans Pollini (FCS: 116).

Anacamptis laxiflora (Lam.) R. M. Bateman & al. in Lindleyana 12: 120 (1997).
= Orchis laxiflora Lam. (FCA: 192).

Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) R. M. Bateman & al. in Lindleyana 12: 120 (1997).
= Orchis papilionacea L. (FCA: 192).
Delforge (1994: 241) regarded O. papilionacea as a polymorphic species, with a mosaic of variants, overlapping ranges of variation, numerous exceptions and frequent transitional populations. Three subspecies have so far been reported from the Cretan area, although the relevant combinations have not yet been validly published in Anacamptis:
*Orchis papilionacea subsp. alibertis G. Kretzschmar & H. Kretzschmar in Ber. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. 18: 130 (2001).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Amari: Agios Ioannis by Kretzschmar & Kretzschmar (2001), who noted that subsp. heroica is common in Crete and that subsp. alibertis flowers about a month later. Endemic to Crete.
Endemic; fl. mid-April.
Orchis papilionacea subsp. grandiflora (Boiss.) H. Baumann in Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 39: 94 (1986).
Omitted from FCA and FCS. Delforge (loc. cit., as O. papilionacea var. grandiflora Boiss.) gave the distribution as mainly W. Mediterranean, from the Iberian Peninsula and N. Africa to Italy and Sicily, and much less frequent in Greece, Crete and Turkey, where it is sometimes confused with subsp. heroica. Delforge later (2001: 282, again as varieties) regarded Cretan records of subsp. grandiflora as probable errors for subsp. heroica. In view of the doubtful nature of these records, it seems best to regard subsp. grandiflora as absent from the Cretan area.
Orchis papilionacea subsp. heroica (E. D. Clarke) H. Baumann in Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 39: 95 (1986).
Omitted from FCA and FCS. Delforge (1994: 242, as O. papilionacea var. heroica (E. D. Clarke) P. Delforge) gave the distribution as including S. Peloponnisos, Crete, the E. Aegean islands and the W. coast of Turkey. Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 300) recorded the taxon from Karpathos.

Anacamptis picta (Loisel.) R. M. Bateman in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142: 12 (2003).
?= Orchis morio sensu auct. cret., non L. (FCA: 192; FCS: 116).
Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 290) referred records from the Cretan area (Karpathos) to O. morio subsp. picta (Loisel.) K. Richter, which was treated as O. picta Loisel. by Delforge (2001: 275). The occurrence of A. picta in the Cretan area is based solely on the records from Karpathos by Hiller & Kalteisen (1988: 454, as O. morio). Confirmation would be welcome.

Anacamptis robusta (T. Stephenson) R. M. Bateman in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142: 12 (2003).
= Orchis palustris sensu auct. cret., non Jacq. (FCA: 192; FCS: 116).
= O. robusta (T. Stephenson) Gölz & H. R. Reinhard (FCS: 116, in note).
Further recorded from E. Crete, Ep. Pedias: Malia by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 292-295, as O. palustris var. robusta T. Stephenson).

Anacamptis sancta (L.) R. M. Bateman & al. in Lindleyana 12: 120 (1997).
= Orchis sancta L. (FCA: 193).
Recorded from Karpathos: Forokli and between Lefkos and Mesohori by Dinter (2000, as O. sancta).

Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch (FCA: 187).
Recorded from C. Crete (Psiloritis) by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 82).

Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw. (FCA: 187).
Recorded from C. and E. Crete by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 94).

Epipogium J. G. Gmel. ex Borkh.

?Epipogium aphyllum Sw., Summa Veg. Scand.: 32 (1814).
Occurrence in the Cretan area requiring confirmation. Recorded from Ep. Sfakia: mossy pine forest in the Samaria gorge, May 1996, by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 98), based on a personal communication from R. Lehner and not supported by a specimen or photograph.

Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge in Naturalistes Belges 80: 401 (1999).
= Barlia robertiana (Loisel.) Greuter (FCA: 187).
Treated as H. robertianum by Delforge (1999: 401; 2001: 334). Bateman & al. (1997: 121) placed Barlia and Himantoglossum in the same clade, but noted that the latter genus is strongly molecularly divergent and unquestionably monophyletic. Later, Bateman & al. (2003) included Barlia within Himantoglossum.

*Himantoglossum samariense C. Alibertis & A. Alibertis in Orchidophile 87: 110 (1989).
= H. affine sensu auct. cret., non (Boiss.) Schltr. (FCA: 187-188, in note; FCS: 111).
= H. caprinum sensu auct. cret., non (M. Bieb.) Spreng. (FCA: 187).
Originally described as a hybrid between H. affine and H. caprinum, treated as an uncertain taxon in FCA and as a synonym of H. affine in FCS, following Delforge (1994: 288), but regarded as a separate species by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 100), who recorded it from the Lefka Ori, Psiloritis and Dikti massifs and as the only species present in Crete. Endemic to Crete.

Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. (FCA: 188).
Here further recorded from W. Crete, Ep. Sfakia: 2.5 km SSW. of Asigonia, by road from Asigonia to Kallikratis, 850 m, small spring-fed bog above large peaty basin on non-calcareous substratum, 25 May 1998, Landewe & Turland obs. & photo. Previous records from Crete are all from W. of the Lefka Ori. The bog was observed to have completely dried out when revisited by the same observers on 21 March 2001. The water is now piped away from the spring. Recorded also from the Dikti massif in E. Crete by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 108-110).

Neotinea Rchb. f.
See note under Orchis below.

Neotinea commutata (Tod.) R. M. Bateman in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142: 12 (2003).
= Orchis commutata Tod. (FCS: 116).
Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 387, as O. commutata) regarded Cretan records of this species as erroneous, possibly representing hybrids between N. lactea (Poir.) R. M. Bateman & al. and N. tridentata (Scop.) R. M. Bateman & al.

Neotinea lactea (Poir.) R. M. Bateman & al. in Lindleyana 12: 122 (1997).
= Orchis lactea Poir. (FCA: 192).

Neotinea tridentata (Scop.) R. M. Bateman & al. in Lindleyana 12: 122 (1997).
= Orchis tridentata Scop. (FCA: 193; FCS: 116).

Ophrys aegaea Kalteisen & H. R. Reinhard (FCA: 188; FCS: 111).
Occurrence in Kasos confirmed. Recorded from Agia Marina by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 116, 118).

Ophrys apifera Huds. (FCA: 188; FCS: 111).
Recorded from Karpathos by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 120).

Ophrys argolica H. Fleischm. (FCA: 188).
Absent from the Cretan area. No occurrence is given by Delforge (2001), Tan & Iatrou (2001) or Kretzschmar & al. (2002).

Ophrys ariadnae Paulus (FCS: 112).
The statement in FCS about the name O. ariadnae not being validly published is erroneous. Paulus (1994: 635) said of the holotype "leg. et coll. H. F. Paulus", i.e. gathered by, and in the collection of, H. F. Paulus. Treated by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 130) as a subspecies of O. cretica (Vierh.) E. Nelson.

Ophrys ariadnae Paulus × O. ferrum-equinum Desf.
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Karpathos: Arkasa by Kreutz (2002: 312-313).

Ophrys basilissa C. Alibertis & al. (FCA: 188; FCS: 114).
Treated Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 196) as a subspecies of O. omegaifera H. Fleischm.

Ophrys bilunulata Risso (FCS: 112) [O. fusca group].
Regarded by Paulus (1998: 163-165) as a name of uncertain application. Taxa from the Cretan area included by Delforge (1994: 305-306) under O. bilunulata were referred by Paulus (loc. cit.) to O. creberrima Paulus, O. cressa Paulus and O. thriptiensis Paulus (in Crete) and to O. leucadica Renz (in Karpathos). See also note under O. leucadica below.

Ophrys bremifera Steven ex M. Bieb. (FCS: 111).
= O. oestrifera subsp. bremifera (Steven ex M. Bieb.) K. Richt. (FCA: 190).
Records from the Cretan area (Karpathos) are regarded as small-flowered plants of O. heldreichii Schltr. by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 142).

Ophrys calypsus M. Hirth & H. Spaeth in J. Eur. Orchid. 26: 430, 433 (1994).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Sitia: Hamezi by Riechelmann (1999). Related to O. heldreichii Schltr., and treated by Delforge (2001: 475) as a variety of that species. Recorded also from the E. Aegean islands (the type locality) and SW. Turkey (Riechelmann, loc. cit.).
Native; grassy clearings; 600 m; fl. April.

Ophrys candica (E. Nelson ex Soó) H. Baumann & Künkele (FCA: 188; FCS: 111).
Recorded from Karpathos: Apella by Kreutz (2002: 127, 129).

Ophrys cinereophila Paulus & Gack in J. Eur. Orchid. 30: 170 (1998) [O. fusca group].
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Mirambello: Nikithianou near Neapoli, and Karpathos: Menetes, by Paulus (1998: 171, 194, 201). This taxon was previously known under the working name of O. "cinereophila-fusca". Recorded also from S. Greece, the Aegean region, SW. Turkey and Cyprus (Paulus, loc. cit.).
Native; 300 m; fl. February-April.

*Ophrys creberrima Paulus in J. Eur. Orchid. 30: 168 (1998) [O. fusca group].
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Malevizi: Marathos and Ep. Mirambello: Kalamafka by Paulus (1998: 169, 194). This taxon was previously known under the working name of O. "creberrima-fusca". Endemic to Crete; or present also in the Kiklades according to Delforge (2001: 372). Treated by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 174) as a subspecies of O. fusca Link.
Endemic; 400-500 m; fl. April-May.

*Ophrys cressa Paulus in J. Eur. Orchid. 30: 176 (1998) [O. fusca group].
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Ierapetra: Thripti by Paulus (1998: 176, 197, 201). This taxon was previously known under the working name of O. "Thripti-fusca(spät)". Endemic to C. and E. Crete; perhaps also in Karpathos according to Delforge (2001: 360). Treated by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 178) as a subspecies of O. fusca Link.
Endemic; 800-900 m; fl. March-April.

Ophrys cretensis (H. Baumann & Künkele) Paulus (FCS: 113).
= O. sphegodes subsp. cretensis H. Baumann & Künkele (FCA: 190).
Recorded from Karpathos: near Mesohori by Kreutz (2002: 84-85).

Ophrys cretica (Vierh.) E. Nelson (FCS: 112).
subsp. beloniae G. Kretzschmar & H. Kretzschmar in Ber. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. 13: 10 (1996).
E. Aegean islands (Rodos).
*subsp. bicornuta H. Kretzschmar & R. L. Jahn in Ber. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. 18: 44 (2002).
Subspecies described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Ierapetra: W. of Agios Ioannis by Kretzschmar & Jahn (2002), who stated that it is the only subspecies growing in the far east of Crete. Endemic to E. Crete.
Endemic; calcareous rocks, phrygana; 450-600 m; fl. April.
subsp. cretica
Regarded by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 136) as endemic to Crete, but given by Delforge (2001: 489) as occurring also in Peloponissos (Lakonia) and the Kiklades (and on the E. Aegean island of Rodos, but those plants refer to subsp. beloniae).
Kretzschmar & al. (loc. cit.: 130) treated O. ariadnae as a fourth subspecies of O. cretica and also described (pp. 140-141) plants from Kasos not assigned to any of the subspecies.

Ophrys cretica (Vierh.) E. Nelson sensu stricto × O. lutea Cav. sensu stricto (stated parentage).
= O. ×vamvakiae Kohlmüller in Ber. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. 12: 62 (1995).
Omitted from FCS. Recorded from Ep. Sitia: Akrotiri Vamvakia by Kohlmüller (1995: 62). From the description of the presumed second parent, it is likely that that parent is in fact O. phryganae Devillers-Terschuren & Devillers rather than O. lutea sensu stricto, which Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 224-225) regarded as absent from the Cretan area with the records referable to O. phryganae. As yet known only from the type locality.

*Ophrys creticola Paulus in J. Eur. Orchid. 30: 177 (1998) [O. fusca group].
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Temenos: Arhanes by Paulus (1998: 178, 197). This taxon was previously known under the working name of O. "Kreta-fusca(früh)". Endemic to Crete. Treated by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 182) as a subspecies of O. fusca Link.
Endemic; 450-500 m; fl. January-April.

Ophrys fuciflora (F. W. Schmidt) Moench (FCS: 112).
= O. holoserica sensu auct. cret., non (Burm. f.) Greuter (FCA: 189).
Absent from the Cretan area. No occurrence was given by Delforge (2001) or by Kretzschmar & al. (2002).

Ophrys funerea Viv. sensu stricto (FCS: 112) [O. fusca group].
Absent from the Cretan area; endemic to Corsica and Sardinia (Paulus, 1998: 166).

Ophrys fusca Link sensu stricto (FCA: 189; FCS: 112) [O. fusca group].
Absent from the Cretan area (Paulus, 1998: 166).

*Ophrys grigoriana G. Kretzschmar & H. Kretzschmar in Ber. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. 12: 56 (1995).
Omitted from FCS. Recorded from C. and E. Crete by Kretzschmar & Kretzschmar (1996: 57) and from W. Crete by Alibertis (1998: 137). Endemic to Crete. Treated by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 236) as a subspecies of O. spruneri Nyman and by Delforge (2001: 508) as a synonym of O. sphaciotica H. Fleischm. Kretzschmar & al. (loc. cit.: 240) treated the latter name as a synonym of O. spruneri sensu stricto.

*Ophrys grigoriana G. Kretzschmar & H. Kretzschmar × O. iricolor Desf.
= O. ×capellae-pacis G. Kretzschmar & H. Kretzschmar in Ber. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. 20: 70 (2003).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Pirgiotissi: near Grigoria by Kretzschmar & Kretzschmar (2003, as O. spruneri subsp. grigoriana (G. Kretzschmar & H. Kretzschmar) H. Kretzschmar × O. iricolor).

*Ophrys helios Kreutz in J. Eur. Orchid. 33: 872 (2001).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Karpathos by Kreutz (2001). Related to O. candica (E. Nelson ex Soó) H. Baumann & Künkele and O. episcopalis Poir., and regarded by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 146) as a synonym of the latter species. Endemic to Karpathos.
Endemic; open Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia woodland, woodland margins, phrygana, rocky uncultivated land, abandoned vineyard terraces, roadside ditches, on moist calcareous soils; 0-700 m; fl. April to May.

Ophrys leucadica Renz in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 25: 265 (1928), pro hybr. [O. fusca group].
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Karpathos by Paulus (1998: 162), who considered this to be the correct name of the taxon previously known under the working name of O. "flavipes-fusca". Recorded also from Kasos by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 184), who treated it as a subspecies of O. fusca Link and cited O. bilunulata Risso as a synonym. If that synonymy is correct, the name O. bilunulata (1844) would have priority over O. leucadica (1928) at specific rank.

Ophrys lutea Cav. sensu stricto (FCA: 189; FCS: 113).
Absent from the E. and S. Aegean area according to Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 224-225), who referred the Cretan records to O. phryganae Devillers-Terschuren & Devillers.

Ophrys lindia Paulus in Ber. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. 18: 64 (2001) [O. fusca group].
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Karpathos: near Arkasa by Kreutz (2002: 181-183). Described from Rodos and recorded also from SW. Turkey (Kreutz, loc. cit.).

"Ophrys melena (Renz) Paulus & Gack" in Israel J. Bot. 39: 79 (1990) [O. lutea group].
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from E. Crete (Dikti region) by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 226-227). This name is not validly published, having been proposed as a new combination based on "Ophrys lutea (× fusca) ssp. melena Renz ssp. n." (in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 25: 264. 1928). Under Art. 23.6(d) of the ICBN (McNeill & al., 2006) a formula designating a hybrid is not to be regarded as a specific name, and under Art. 24.1 the name of an infraspecific taxon is a combination of the name of a species and an infraspecific epithet.

Ophrys mesaritica Paulus & al. (FCS: 113).
Regarded by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 194) as endemic to Crete, but given by Delforge (2001: 350) as occurring also in Malta and (doubtfully) on the E. Aegean island of Lesvos.

Ophrys minoa (C. Alibertis & A. Alibertis) P. Delforge (FCS: 114).
= O. candica subsp. minoa C. Alibertis & A. Alibertis (FCA: 188, in note).
Regarded by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 144) as a synonym of O. candica (E. Nelson ex Soó) H. Baumann & Künkele.

?Ophrys phaseliana D. Rückbrodt & U. Rückbrodt in J. Eur. Orchid. 28: 395 (1996) [O. fusca group].
Occurrence in the Cretan area requiring confirmation. Recorded from Ep. Ierapetra: near Meseleri by Riechelmann (1999), but Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 179) regarded this record as referable to O. cressa Paulus (as O. fusca subsp. cressa (Paulus) H. Kretzschmar). The species was described from Turkey.
Native; 400 m; fl. April.

Ophrys rhodia (H. Baumann & Künkele) P. Delforge (FCS: 114).
= O. umbilicata subsp. rhodia H. Baumann & Künkele (FCA: 190).
The occurrence of this species in the Cretan area is based solely on the records from Karpathos by Hiller & Kalteisen (1988: 453). Confirmation would be welcome.

Ophrys sitiaca Paulus & al. (FCA: 190; FCS: 114).
Recorded from Karpathos (numerous localities) by Kreutz (2002: 197, 199).

Ophrys speculum Link, nom. cons. (FCS: 114).
= O. ciliata Biv. (FCA: 188).
Recorded from C. Crete, Ep. Agios Vasilios: near Spili by Skrede (1998: 620).

*Ophrys thriptiensis Paulus in J. Eur. Orchid. 30: 173 (1998) [O. fusca group].
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Ierapetra: Thripti by Paulus (1998: 174, 197, 201). This taxon was previously known under the working name of O. "Thripti-fusca(früh)". Endemic to E. Crete (Afendis Kavousi); similar, later-flowering plants have been found on the E. Aegean island of Rodos according to Delforge (2001: 373). Treated by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 188) as a subspecies of O. fusca Link.
Endemic; woodland; 600-900 m; fl. February-March.

Ophrys umbilicata Desf. in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 10: 227 (1807).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Karpathos: near Menetes by Kreutz (2002: 231, 233).

Orchis L.
Recent work by Bateman & al. (1997, 2003), based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS nuclear rDNA) data, resulted in the transfer of many taxa in the triphyletic Orchis sensu lato to other genera to leave Orchis sensu stricto as a monophyletic group. Orchis boryi Rchb. f., O. collina Banks & Sol., O. fragrans Pollini, O. laxiflora Lam., O. morio L., O. palustris Jacq., O. papilionacea L., O. picta Loisel., O. robusta (T. Stephenson) Gölz & H. R. Reinhard and O. sancta L. were transferred to Anacamptis Rich.; O. commutata Tod., O. lactea Poir. and O. tridentata Scop. were transferred to Neotinea Rchb. f.; and Aceras anthropophorum (L.) W. T. Aiton was treated under Orchis sensu stricto (as O. anthropophora (L.) All.) together with O. anatolica Boiss., O. italica Poir., O. pauciflora Ten., O. prisca Hautz., O. provincialis Balb. ex DC., O. quadripunctata Cirillo ex Ten., O. simia Lam. and O. sitiaca (Renz) P. Delforge.

Orchis anthropophora (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 148 (1785).
= Aceras anthropophorum (L.) W. T. Aiton (FCA: 186).

Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. × O. italica Poir.
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Karpathos: Apella by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 356) and Kreutz (2002: 313-314).

Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. × O. simia Lam.
= O. ×bergonii Nanteuil in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 34: 422 (1887).
= ×Orchi-aceras bergonii (Nanteuil) Camus (FCA: 194; FCS: 117).

Orchis provincialis Balb. ex DC. (FCA: 192).
Recorded from C. Crete, without precise locality (UTM square KV 70, "about half way en route from Retymnon to Festos") by Skrede (1998: 621). Recorded also from E. Crete by Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 312).

*Orchis sitiaca (Renz) P. Delforge in Naturalistes Belges 71(3): 107 (1990).
Place of publication accidentally omitted in FCS (p. 116).

Serapias cordigera L. (FCA: 193).
*subsp. cretica B. Baumann & H. Baumann in J. Eur. Orchid. 31: 509 (1999).
Subspecies described since FCS. Recorded from W., C. and E. Crete by Baumann & Baumann (1999: 516), who referred the records for S. cordigera mapped in FCA (map 1723) to subsp. cretica. Kretzschmar & al. (2002: 334) gave only subsp. cretica for Crete, as an endemic.

*Serapias cordigera subsp. cretica B. Baumann & H. Baumann × S. lingua L.
= S. ×ambigua nothosubsp. panormosana B. Baumann & H. Baumann in J. Eur. Orchid. 31: 517 (1999).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Milopotamos: Panormos by Baumann & Baumann (1999: 517). As yet known only from the type locality.
Endemic; sandstone phrygana; 90 m.

POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Böhling & Scholz (2003) published an excellent and copiously annotated checklist of the Poaceae of the S. Aegean islands (Kithira, Andikithira, the Cretan area and Rodos), including many new records and confirmations and with a narrow generic concept adopted throughout. A more recent synopsis of the Poaceae for the entire Euro+Med area was provided by Valdés & Scholz (2006), who commented (p. 658) "At generic level, a narrower concept than in Flora Europaea has been adopted where we consider it more appropriate to separate what are in our view more uniform, natural groups." The taxonomy adopted in these two works is mostly followed below except for the splitting of certain genera:
Brachypodium P. Beauv. divided into Brachypodium and Trachynia Link
Bromus L. divided into Anisantha K. Koch, Bromopsis Fourr., Bromus and Ceratochloa P. Beauv.
Festuca L. divided into Festuca and Schedonorus P. Beauv.
Phleum L. divided into Maillea Parl. and Phleum
Poa L. divided into Ochlopoa (Asch. & Graebn.) H. Scholz and Poa
Saccharum L. divided into Saccharum and Tripidium H. Scholz (= Ridipium Trin., non Bernh.)

Achnatherum P. Beauv.
Separated from Stipa L. by Böhling & Scholz (2003).

Achnatherum bromoides (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr.: 20, [146], 147 (1812).
= Stipa bromoides (L.) Dörfl. (FCA: 175; FCS: 103).

Achnatherum fallacinum H. Scholz & Raus in Willdenowia 36: 374 (2006).
Described since FCS. Recorded from W., C. and E. Crete, Kasos, Karpathos and Saria by Scholz & Raus (2006) and, outside the Cretan area, from Peloponnisos, Evvia, the Kiklades and Rodos. Related to A. bromoides (L.) P. Beauv., and many records of that species from the Cretan area may in fact refer to A. fallacinum.
Native; open dry habitats; 50-1700 m; fl. May-August.

Aegilops biuncialis Vis. (FCS: 94).
= Triticum lorentii (Hochst.) Zeven (FCA: 176).
Subspecies not formally treated in either FCA or FCS.
subsp. archipelagica (Eig) Raus in Bot. Chron. 12: 45 (1996).
New to Crete. Recorded from W., C. and E. Crete by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 12-13). Also in Kasos and Karpathos (see note in FCS).
Native; Quercus maquis, steep stony slopes with Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia woodland on scree, coastal plain with phrygana and small stands of Ceratonia on recently burnt area; 50-1100 m.
subsp. biuncialis
W., C. and E. Crete; Kasos, Karpathos.

Aegilops caudata L. (FCS: 94).
= Triticum markgrafii Greuter (FCA: 176).
Böhling & Scholz (2003: 13) recorded subsp. polyathera (Boiss.) Zhuk. from Crete, based on pre-1930 records, but noted that it is "Not treated as distinct taxon in most recent works".

Aegilops comosa Sm. (FCS: 94).
= Triticum comosum (Sm.) K. Richt. (FCA: 176).
The two varieties mentioned in a note in FCS were treated as subspecies by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 14).
subsp. comosa
W., C. and E. Crete.
subsp. heldreichii (Boiss.) Eig in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 55: 109 (1929).
= A. comosa var. subventricosa Boiss. (FCS: 94, in note).
= T. comosum subsp. heldreichii (Boiss.) Greuter (FCA: 176).
W. and C. Crete.

Aegilops neglecta Req. ex Bertol. (FCS: 94).
= Triticum neglectum (Req. ex Bertol.) Greuter (FCA: 176).
Böhling & Scholz (2003: 14-15) recorded subsp. contracta (Eig) H. Scholz from Crete and Karpathos, but noted that it is "scarcely worth of subspecific recognition".

Aegilops peregrina (Hack.) Maire & Weiller (FCS: 95).
Post-1930 occurrence in Crete confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Pedias: Kato Gouves by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 15).
Native; roadsides.

[Aegilops tauschii] Coss., Notes Pl. Crit.: 69 (1850).
Recorded as casual from Ep. Kissamos by Slageren (1994: 340), based on a 19th Century collection from "Kissamos" Heldreich s.n. (K).

Aegilops triuncialis L. (FCS: 95).
= Triticum triunciale (L.) Raspail (FCA: 176).
Occurrence in Crete confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Milopotamos: Sisarha by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 15).
Native; ruderal phrygana; 600 m.

Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thwaites (FCA: 163).
Recorded from W. Crete, Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 342).

Agrostis castellana Boiss. & Reut., Diagn. Pl. Nov. Hisp.: 26 (1842).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Omalos plain and Ep. Viannos: Omalos plain by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 16).
Native; Scirpoides holoschoenus swamp, dried ground of spring ponds; 1050-1300 m.

Agrostis parlatorei Breistr. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 110(Sess. Extr.): 56 (1966).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Agios Vasilios: Spili by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 17).
Native; wet footpath margin near old water mill; 400 m.

Aira cupaniana  (FCA: 163; FCS: 95).
Post-1930 occurrence in Crete confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Apokoronos: above Dramia and Ep. Pedias: Potamies and S. of Malia by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 17).
Native; cultivated and fallow land, along rivers.

Aira elegantissima Schur (FCA: 163; FCS: 95).
subsp. ambigua (Arcang.) Doğan in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40: 509 (1983).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Viannos: Sikologos and Ep. Lasithi: Limnakaros by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 18).
Native; young Juglans regia plantation on schistose soil, grassy slopes; 500-1150 m.

Ampelodesmos mauritanica (Poir.) T. Durand & Schinz (FCS: 95).
Recorded (Jahn & Schönfelder 1995: 402) in error for Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. (Jahn in Greuter & Raus, 1998: 170).

Anthoxanthum pauciflorum Adamović in Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 74: 116 (1904).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Omalos plain and Ep. Agios Vasilios: Ardaktos by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 23-24).
Native; wet places of rivulets, wind-exposed open vegetation on ophiolitic rock; 700-1050 m.

Arundo collina Ten., Fl. Napol. 3: 101 (1824-1829).
= A. collina subsp. hellenica (Danin & al.) H. Scholz in Willdenowia 36: 663 (2006).
= A. hellenica Danin & al. in Willdenowia 32: 191 (2002).
Danin (2004) treated A. collina, from Italy, as conspecific with A. hellenica, from Crete and Greece. The latter, described since FCS, was recorded by Danin & al. (2002) from Ep. Kissamos: Sirili, Ep. Apokoronos: above Dramia, Ep. Milopotamos: Perama, Ep. Temenos: Agia Irini, Ep. Ierapetra: Males and, elsewhere in Greece, Sterea Ellas, Evvia and Peloponnisos. A. collina (culms 0.5-2(-3) m tall, to 0.7 cm in diam.) is less robust than A. mediterranea (culms 1-5 m tall, 1.2-2 cm in diam.), and both are less robust than A. donax (culms to 6(-10) m tall, 3-5 cm in diam.), from which they also differ in having leaves ascending, to 3 cm wide (vs nodding, to 6 cm wide in A. donax). Scholz (in Valdés & Scholz, 2006: 663) published the combination A. collina subsp. hellenica but without any supporting discussion.
Native; roadsides, calcareous rubble in stream beds; 50-450 m; fl. August-December.

Arundo mediterranea Danin in Willdenowia 34: 362 (2004).
= Arundo plinii sensu auct. cret., non Turra (FCA: 164, as A. "pliniana"; FCS: 96).
Cretan plants of A. plinii were treated as A. mediteranea by Danin (2004), who recorded the latter species also from Algeria, Cyprus, Greece, Israel (the type), Lebanon and Morocco. Danin (in Greuter & Raus, 2006: 715) also recorded the species from the E. Aegean Islands (Rodos).

Avena barbata subsp. wiestii (Steud.) Holmboe (FCS: 96).
New to Crete. Recorded from Ep. Sfakia: Aradena and Ep. Ierapetra: near Agia Fotia by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 27).
Native; somewhat ruderal nitrophytic grazed land on limestone terra fusca; 600 m.

Avena sterilis  (FCA: 164; FCS: 96).
subsp. trichophylla (K. Koch) Malzev, Trudy Prikl. Bot. 20: 143 (1929).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Apokoronos: SW. of Ramni, Ep. Rethimni: near Prines and Kasos: Helatros by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 28).
Native; rivulet valley and rocky maquis slopes in burnt Cupressus forests and abandoned terraces, olive groves, ruderal vegetation at river mouth on stony loam; 0-450 m.

[Bouteloua dactyloides] (Nutt.) Columbus in Aliso 18: 63 (1999).
Recorded as a lawn grass (presumably cultivated) from Ep. Temenos: Iraklio by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 29-30). Native to North America.

Brachypodium rupestre (Host) Roem. & Schult. (FCA: 165).
Schippmann (1991: 145) doubted the occurrence of this species in the Aegean islands and referred one record (Greuter & al., 1985: 29, Ep. Temenos: Kato Arhanes, Risse 908, B), mapped in FCA (map 1430), to B. sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv. He noted that forms of B. retusum (Pers.) P. Beauv. with broad leaves and atypical stature can be mistaken for B. rupestre in the Aegean islands. Böhling & Scholz (2003: 30-31) accepted the record from Karpathos by Greuter & al. (1983: 72, as B. pinnatum subsp. rupestre (Host) Schübl. & G. Martens), but they did not mention the two records from C. Crete by Rechinger (1944: 172, as B. pinnatum var. caespitosum (Host) W. D. J. Koch).

Bromus arvensis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 77 (1753).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Apokoronos: near Neos Kournas by Scholz & Böhling (2000: 257) and Böhling & Scholz (2003: 33).
Native; seasonally wet clayey fallow land; 5-10 m.

Bromus chrysopogon Viv. (FCS: 97).
New to Crete. Recorded from Ep. Milopotamos: Mt Skinakas by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 33).
Native; open dwarf shrub vegetation in doline; 1500 m.

Catapodium balearicum (Willk.) H. Scholz in Bot. Chron. 13: 96 (2000).
Separated from C. marinum (L.) C. E. Hubb. Recorded from W. and C. Crete, Kasos (including Armathia island) and Karpathos by Scholz (2000: 102) and from E. Crete by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 36). Some records of C. marinum in FCA (p. 166, map 1453) and FCS (p. 98, map p. 40) may be referable to C. balearicum.
Native; moist coastal grasslands, sandy and rocky coasts, cultivated and fallow fields, abandoned terraces, walls, archaeological excavations, behind the electric meter on the external wall of a house; 0-100 m.

*Catapodium borgesii H. Scholz in Bot. Chron. 13: 102 (2000).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Lasithi: Lagou (Scholz, 2000: 102). Endemic to E. Crete.
Endemic; 1000 m.

Catapodium hemipoa (Delile ex Spreng.) Laínz in Anales Inst. Forest. Invest. 10: 330 (1966).
subsp. occidentale (Paunero) H. Scholz & S. Scholz in Bot. Macaronés. 25: 170 (2004).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Pirgiotissi: Kommos by Scholz in Greuter & Raus (2005: 62). This subspecies is fairly widespread in the Mediterranean region, from the Canary Islands and Spain to Israel. It is similar to C. rigidum (L.) C. E. Hubb. but differs in having longer glumes (2-2.5 mm vs 1.5-1.8 mm), longer anthers (0.7-0.8 mm vs 0.4-0.5 mm) and more or less imbricate (vs strongly inrolled) fruiting lemmas.

[Dichanthium annulatum] (Forssk.) Stapf in Prain, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 178 (1917).
New to the Cretan area and to Europe. Recorded from Ep. Pedias: Agios Ioannis by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 42-43). Native to tropical Africa and E. to Indonesia.
Status uncertain; gardens.

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (FCA: 168).
subsp. spiralis (Vasinger) Tzvelev, Zlaki SSSR: 662 (1976).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Apokoronos: Neos Kournas, Ep. Agios Vasilios: N. of Moni Preveli, Ep. Rethimni: Stavromenos and Ep. Lasithi: Metohiono on Lasithi plain by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 44).
Native; river beds, ruderal on sandy loam, cultivated fields; 0-800 m.

Elymus panormitanus (Parl.) Tzvelev (FCA: 169).
= Roegneria panormitana (Parl.) Nevski (FCS: 103).
Treated by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 45) as E. panormitanus.

Festuca polita (Halácsy) Tzvelev (FCA: 170).
*subsp. cretica (Markgr.-Dann.) Foggi & H. Scholz in Willdenowia 35: 242 (2005).
= F. polita var. cretica Markgr.-Dann. (FCA: 170, in note).
Raised to subspecific rank by Foggi & al. (2005). Endemic to W. Crete (Lefka Ori).
subsp. polita
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Ierapetra: Mt Afendis Kavousi by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 47-48, as F. polita var. polita).
Native; phrygana on dolomite; 1300 m.

Festuca pratensis Huds., Fl. Angl.: 37 (1762).
subsp. pluriflora (Schult.) Zangh., Fl. Ital. 1: 959 (1978).
New to the Cretan area (as Schedonorus pratensis subsp. pluriflorus (Schult.) H. Scholz). Recorded from Ep. Kidonia: Agia Irini, Ep. Rethimni: W. of Genni, S. of Prasies and N. of Apostoli by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 75).
Native; Platanus woods, Quercus pubescens pastures, periodically moist places on phyllite-quartzite; 100-350 m.

Festuca ustulata (Hack. ex St.-Yves) Markgr.-Dann. in Veröff. Geobot. Inst. Rübel Zürich 56: 112 (1976).
New to the Cretan area and to Europe. Recorded from Ep. Amari: SW. slope of Mt Psiloritis by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 48). Otherwise known from the mountains of SW. Asia.
Native; limestone rocks and gravel; 1400-2300 m.

Lagurus ovatus L. (FCA: 171; FCS: 101).
Subsp. nanus (Guss.) Messeri was recorded from the main island of Crete (unlocalized), Ep. Ierapetra: Gaïdouronisi island and Ep. Sitia: Koufonisi island by Bergmeier & al. (2001: 349-350). As in FCA and FCS, the species is not divided here.

Lolium subulatum Vis., Fl. Dalmat. 1: 90 (1842).
Omitted from FCA and FCS. Recorded from W. and E. Crete by Rechinger (1944: 175), from Kasos and Karpathos by Raus (1996: 47) and from Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 344-345). Böhling & Scholz (2003: 55) noted that Rechinger's records are probably errors for L. rigidum subsp. lepturoides (Boiss.) Sennen & Mauricio.
Native; cultivated fields.

Melica minuta L., Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 92; Mant. Pl.: 32 (1767).
= M. ramosa Vill. (FCA: 172).
Treated as M. minuta by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 57) and, previously, by Meikle (1985: 1750).

[Panicum repentellum] Napper in Kirkia 3: 127 (1963).
New to the Cretan area and to Europe. Recorded from Ep. Malevizi: Fodele by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 61). Native to tropical E. Africa.
Possibly naturalized; ruderal on irrigated land; 20 m.

[Pennisetum] Pers.

[Pennisetum clandestinum] Hochst. ex Chiov. in Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 8: 41 (1903).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Pirgiotissi: Petrokefali by Böhling & Scholz (in Greuter & Raus, 2005: 63). Native to E. Africa. Cultivated in Crete as a lawn grass and escaping at this locality.
Naturalized; roadsides; 55 m.

Phalaris brachystachys Link (FCA: 173; FCS: 101).
Occurrence in Crete confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Kissamos: Polirinia, by Burton (1996: 70).

Phragmites frutescens H. Scholz in Taxon 45: 522 (1996).
Differentiated by Scholz (in Greuter & Scholz, 1996) from P. australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., although Greuter (loc. cit.) was not convinced of its specific distinctness, hence its inclusion in the synonymy of P. australis in FCS (p. 102). Scholz & Böhling (2000; and electronic supplement) demonstrated the differences between P. australis and P. frutescens and recorded the latter from W. and C. Crete, Greece, the Aegean region, Israel and Syria. Both species occur in Crete. Scholz & Böhling (loc. cit.) considered P. frutescens to have evolved in isolation from the tropical P. mauritianus Kunth after post-glacial desertification of N. Africa.
Native; marshes, river and stream banks and mouths, river alluvium, coastal sandy loams, moist sand dunes, fallow fields, margins of cultivated land, ditches, roadsides; 0-250 m; fl. winter.

[Pleuraphis jamesii] Torr. in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 1: 148 (1824).
New to the Cretan area and to Europe. Recorded from Ep. Temenos: Agios Ioannis by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 67). Native to North America.
Status uncertain; gardens.

Poa infirma Kunth × P. maroccana Nannf.
= P. ×perinconspicua H. Scholz in Willdenowia 28: 172 (1998).
= P. ×inconspicua H. Scholz (FCS: 102).
The name P. ×inconspicua H. Scholz (1996) is illegitimate under Art. 53.1 and H.3.3 of the ICBN (McNeill & al., 2006) because it is a later homonym of P. inconspicua Veldkamp (1979). Poa annua L., P. infirma, P. maroccana and P. ×perinconspicua were all transferred to Ochlopoa (Asch. & Graebn.) H. Scholz by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 58-59).

Rostraria obtusiflora (Boiss.) Holub in Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 9: 271 (1974).
New to the Cretan area and to Europe. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Gavdopoula island, Ep. Pedias: Stalida, Ep. Ierapetra: NE. of Vaïnia, Ep. Sitia: "SW peninsula", Kasos: Armathia island, and Karpathos: Vroukounda by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 73). This Irano-Turanian species reaches its western limit in the Cretan area.
Native; open scrub with Periploca angustifolia, rocky and sandy coasts, limestone crevices with Crithmum maritimum and Salsola carpatha; 0-70 m.

[Triticum aestivum] L., Sp. Pl. 1: 85 (1753).
New to the Cretan area (as naturalized). Recorded from Ep. Kissamos: near Falasarna and Ep. Pedias: Malia by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 80).
Naturalized; a weed in fields of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum durum.

Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 124 (1821).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Omalos plain, Ep. Lasithi: Agios Haralambos and Ep. Ierapetra: Mt Afendis Kavousi by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 81).
Native; grassy Scirpoides holoschoenus stands, grassland with Hypochaeris radicata and Oenanthe pimpinelloides, heavily grazed community of Hordeum geniculatum and Lolium perenne in doline; 850-1300 m.

Vulpia ligustica (All.) Link (FCA: 177).
Post-1930 occurrence in the Cretan area confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Apokoronos: E. of Georgioupoli by Böhling & Scholz (2003: 82).

POTAMOGETONACEAE
Incl. ZANNICHELLIACEAE

Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn. in Dyer, Fl. Trop. Afr. 8: 220 (1901).
?= P. gramineus sensu auct. cret., non L. (FCS: 117).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded by Kaplan (2005: 424) from Ep. Sitia: Kato Zakros and, outside Crete, from the Azores, Corsica, Greece (Kefalonia), Malta, and Sardinia, as well as Africa and Madagascar. The only Cretan records of P. gramineus L. (Yannitsaros & Koumpli-Sovantzi, 1992: 582, as P. "cf. gramineus"), also from Kato Zakros but based on different specimens (3 August 1972, Yannitsaros 4181; 20 August 1985, Roussomoustakaki s.n.), should be verified in case they refer to P. schweinfurthii. Yannitsaros & Koumpli-Sovantzi (loc. cit.) noted "Our specimens of this taxon are sterile and show some differences, with respect to published descriptions, in the length and width of the leaves."

Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schltdl. (FCA: 195; FCS: 117).
Occurrence in the Cretan area confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Kidonia: Agia lake by Uotila & Greuter (in Greuter & Raus, 2001: 327-328). The species was given for the Cretan area in FCA, based on a field observation by Gradstein & Smittenberg (Greuter, 1973: 65), but that record was referred to P. pusillus L. in FCS, following Yannitsaros & Koumpli-Sovantzi (1992: 582-583). In fact, both species occur side-by-side at Agia lake.

Zannichellia pedunculata Rchb. in Mössler, Handb. Gewächsk., ed. 2, 3: 1591 (1830).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 350), who referred a pre-1930 record of Z. palustris L. from Gavdos (by Dörfler; see FCA: map 1738 and Rechinger, 1943: 708) to Z. pedunculata. It is possible that some or all of the other Cretan records of Z. palustris in fact belong to Z. pedunculata.
Native; small karstic rock pools seasonally filled with rain water 40-55 cm deep.

RUPPIACEAE

Ruppia maritima L. (FCA: 195).
Post-1930 occurrence in Crete confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 350).

ZANNICHELLIACEAE: see POTAMOGETONACEAE

EUDICOTS

AIZOACEAE

Malephora N. E. Br.

[Malephora purpurocrocea] (Haw.) Schwantes in Gartenflora 77: 69 (1928).
= M. crocea var. purpurocrocea (Haw.) Jacobsen & Schwantes (FCS: 11).
Treated by Tan (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 150) as M. purpurocrocea. The spelling of the specific epithet follows the original publication of Mesembryanthemum purpuro-croceum Haw., Observ. Mesembryanthemum: 257 (1795); the hyphen has been omitted in accordance with Art. 60.9 of the ICBN (McNeill & al., 2006).

AMARANTHACEAE
Incl. CHENOPODIACEAE

Amaranthus blitum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 990 (1753).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from W. Crete (Ep. Kidonia) by Raus (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 144, map 268).

[Amaranthus bouchonii] Thell. in Monde Pl. 27(160): 4 (1926).
New to the Cretan area and to Greece. Recorded from the Mesara (Geropotamos) plain by Raus (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 142), the only known collection from Greece.
Status and native origin uncertain; irrigated crop fields; near sea level; fl. May-October.

[Amaranthus cruentus] L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1269 (1759).
= A. paniculatus L. (FCA: 36).
The name A. cruentus (1759) has priority over A. paniculatus (1763), not the inverse as wrongly implied in FCA.

[Amaranthus hybridus] L., Sp. Pl. 2: 990 (1753).
New to the Cretan area (as distinct from A. hypochondriacus L.). Recorded from Crete by Raus (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 141, map 259). Native to the New World, from temperate North America to northernmost South America.
Naturalized.

[Amaranthus powellii] S. Watson in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 10: 347 (1875).
Separated from A. hypochondriacus L. by Raus (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 142), although not so in FCS (p. 11). Recorded from Karpathos by Raus (1996: 24).

[Amaranthus quitensis] Kunth in Humboldt & al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 2, ed. f°: 156; ed. 4°: 194 (1818).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from E. Crete by Raus (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 140, map 257). Native to tropical and temperate South America.
Naturalized.

[Atriplex hortensis] L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1053 (1753).
Recorded from NW. Crete by Tan (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 122), who gave the status in Greece as naturalized. Given as a casual in FCA (p. 53). Native to C. Asia.

Atriplex mollis Desf., Fl. Atlant. 2: 391 (1799).
New to the Cretan area and to Greece. A mainly N. African taxon recorded from Ep. Selinos: Gavdopoula island by Bergmeier & al. (in Greuter & Raus, 1999: 52).
Native; calcareous coastal neogene sediments and hard limestone rocks; 0-60 m.

Atriplex patula L. (FCA: 54).
Some Cretan plants referred to this taxon resemble A. davisii Aellen (from Asia Minor) in bracteole shape (Tan in Strid & Tan, 1997: 125).

[Atriplex sagittata] Borkh. in Rhein. Mag. Erweit. Naturk. 1: 477 (1793).
Recorded as casual from Karpathos by Tan (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 123).

[Bassia hyssopifolia] (Pall.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 547 (1891).
Recorded as (probably) casual from Ep. Ierapetra: Koutsounari by Deschatres & Greuter (in Greuter & Raus, 2001: 320).

Beta vulgaris subsp. adanensis (Pamuk.) Ford-Lloyd & J. T. Williams in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 100 (1976).
= B. adanensis Pamuk. (FCA: 54).
Treated by Tan (in Strid & Tan, 1997: 112) as B. vulgaris subsp. adanensis.

?Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. subsp. mucronata (FCA: 55; FCS: 24).
Occurrence in Crete requiring confirmation. See notes under Convolvulus libanoticus below. The occurrence of this taxon in the Karpathos island group (Kasos) is not in doubt.

Suaeda palaestina Eig & Zoh. in Palestine J. Bot., Jerusalem Ser. 3: 126 (1945).
New to the Cretan area and to the Aegean region. Recorded from Ep. Sitia: Koufonisi island by Tan & al. (in Greuter & Raus, 1998: 165), who noted that a record of "S. fruticosa" from the same locality by Cousturier (Cousturier & Gandoger, 1916: 7) may be referable to this mainly N. African species.
Native; Lygeum steppes; 50 m.

APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)

Bupleurum euboeum Beauverd & Topali in Candollea 7: 260 (1937).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Malevizi/Temenos: 5 km W. of Iraklio by Snogerup & Snogerup (2001: 271), who also cited a specimen collected at "Platania" (possibly Ep. Kidonia: Platanias) by Reverchon in 1883. The latter record requires confirmation.

*Bupleurum gaudianum Snogerup (FCA: 148; FCS: 95).
Recorded from E. Crete, Ep. Ierapetra: Gaïdouronisi island by Brullo & Guarino (2000: 267, 274). However, Bergmeier & al. (2001: 346-347) regarded this record as a probable misidentification of B. semicompositum L., to which they referred the figure of "B. gaudianum" in Brullo & Guarino (loc. cit.: 268). The species is otherwise known only from W. Crete (Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island).

?Bupleurum odontites L., Sp. Pl. 1: 237 (1753).
Occurrence in the Cretan area requiring confirmation. Recorded from Ep. Kidonia: Souda by Snogerup & Snogerup (2001: 227), based on a specimen collected by Sieber in 1817.

Bupleurum subovatum Link ex Spreng., Sp. Umbell. 19 (1818).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Kasos by Snogerup & Snogerup (2001: 224), who also cited a specimen collected in Karpathos by Pichler in 1883.

Daucus carota subsp. major (Vis.) Arcang. (FCA: 149).
Post-1930 occurrence in the Cretan area confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Sitia: Sitia beach by Fielding (in Fielding & Turland, 2005: 422).
Native; fl. April-May.

Eryngium glomeratum Lam. (FCA: 150).
Occurrence in Crete confirmed here by Arno Wörz: Ep. Sitia: am Weg von Liopetra zum Meer, unterhalb des Sattels, zahlreich [on the track from Liopetra to the sea, below the saddle, numerous] (35°12'41"N, 26°01'03"E), 150 m, 12 July 2003, A. Wörz 23.07.12.03 (STU). This is the same population mentioned in FCS (p. 56, in a note under E. creticum Lam.: April 1991, Turland obs.) as possibly representing to E. glomeratum. We gratefully acknowledge Dr Arno Wörz (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany) for communicating this record.

Ormosolenia Tausch

Ormosolenia alpina (Sieber ex Schult.) Pimenov in Edinburgh J. Bot. 49: 222 (1992).
= Peucedanum alpinum (Sieber ex Schult.) B. L. Burtt & P. H. Davis (FCA: 152).
Treated by Pimenov (1992) as O. alpina. Recorded from E. Crete, Ep. Viannos/Ierapetra: Dikti massif by Vassiliades (2004: 15).

APOCYNACEAE
Incl. ASCLEPIADACEAE

[Asclepias physocarpa] (E. Mey.) Schltr. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21(Beibl. 54): 8 (1896).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Kidonia: Nea Roumata and Deres, and Karpathos: Olimbos, by Böhling & Raus (in Greuter & Raus, 2000: 230). Similar in general appearance to A. fruticosa L., but differing in its globose (vs ovoid, pointed) follicles. Native to S. Africa.
Naturalized; roadsides, ditches, drainage channels; 200-350 m.

[Catharanthus] G. Don

[Catharanthus roseus] (L.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 95 (1837).
Recorded as casual from Ep. Kidonia: Hania and Moni Gouvernetou by Yannitsaros in Greuter & Raus (2006: 708). Native to Madagascar, cultivated for ornament and medicinal purposes, and widely naturalized in tropical and subtropical countries.
Casual; crack in base of wall in city, flat ground in monastery yard; fl. April, August.

Cionura erecta (L.) Griseb. (FCA: 37).
Recorded from E. Crete, Ep. Ierapetra: Kapnistis gorge between Pefkos and Mournies by Amigues & Greuter (2004: 7, 8).

*Vincetoxicum creticum Browicz (FCA: 38; FCS: 13).
Further recorded from W. Crete, Ep. Kidonia: SW. slope of Mt Mavri, 1760 m, by Zaffran (1990: Tableau 21 [separate sheet], as "V. canescens", see p. 497 for locality). Zaffran's record was overlooked in FCA and FCS but is likely to refer to V. creticum in view of the recent discovery of the species on Mt Krioneritis in W. Crete (see FCS).

ASCLEPIADACEAE: see APOCYNACEAE

ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
The Euro+Med database has been extensively used in updating this family for the Cretan area.

Achillea maritima (L.) Ehrend. & Y. P. Guo in Willdenowia 35: 50 (2005).
= Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link (FCA: 69).
Transferred to Achillea L. by Ehrendorfer & Guo (2005).

Ageratina Spach
Separated from Eupatorium L. by Greuter (2003e).

[Ageratina adenophora] (Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob. in Phytologia 19: 211 (1970).
= Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. (FCA: 65; FCS: 31).

Andryala L.

Andryala integrifolia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 808 (1753).
New to the Cretan area. Recorded from Ep. Pirgiotissi: Kalamaki by Turland & Kyriakopoulos (in Greuter & Raus, 2004: 73).
Native; flat open stabilized probably originally wind-blown sand deposits with low ammophilous vegetation; 15 m; fl. April.

Anthemis macrotis (Rech. f.) Oberpr. & Vogt in Willdenowia 36: 336 (2006).
= Matricaria macrotis Rech. f. (FCA: 69).
Transferred to Anthemis L. by Oberprieler & Vogt (2006).

*Anthemis samariensis Turland in Willdenowia 38: 63 (2008).
Described since FCS. Recorded from Ep. Sfakia: Samaria gorge by Turland (2008). Endemic to W. Crete. A member of the A. cretica L. complex. See photos by Jean Bienvenu.
Endemic; crevices of N.- to W.-facing vertical calcareous cliffs; 1675-1775 m (possibly extending lower); fl. June-July, fr. from July.

Asteriscus aquaticus (L.) Less., Syn. Gen. Compos.: 210 (1832).
= Bubonium aquaticum (L.) Hill (FCA: 59).
= Nauplius aquaticus (L.) Cass. (FCS: 33).
Treated by Greuter (1997: 46) as A. aquaticus.

Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. (FCA: 60; FCS: 27).
Post-1930 occurrence in the Cretan area confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Monofatsi: near Amourgeles by Jahn (2003: 850).

Carlina gummifera (L.) Less., Syn. Gen. Compos.: 12 (1832).
= Atractylis gummifera L. (FCA: 59).
= Chamaeleon gummifer (L.) Cass. (FCS: 29).
Chamaeleon Cass. was included in Carlina L. by Greuter (2003b).

Carthamus caeruleus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 830 (1753).
= Carduncellus caeruleus (L.) C. Presl (FCA: 60; FCS: 27).
Carduncellus Adans. was included in Carthamus L. by Greuter (2003b).

Carthamus creticus L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1163 (1763).
= C. lanatus L. subsp. baeticus (Boiss. & Reut.) Nyman (FCA: 61).
Treated as C. creticus in the Euro+Med database.

Centaurea aegialophila Wagenitz (FCA: 61; FCS: 28).
Font & al. (2002) separated Crocodylium Hill (an earlier name for Aegialophila Boiss. & Heldr.) from Centaurea L. and treated Centaurea aegialophila (Aegialophila cretica Boiss. & Heldr.) as Crocodylium creticum (Boiss. & Heldr.) N. García & Susanna (loc. cit.: 25). See also Centaurea pumilio below. However, Greuter (2003b) included Aegialophila within Centaurea.

Centaurea argentea L. (FCA: 61). Map.
Turland & Chilton (2000) divided the species into subsp. argentea and subsp. macrothysana, with the latter divided into var. chionantha and var. macrothysana. Greuter (2003b: 54) raised var. chionantha to subspecific rank.
subsp. argentea
NW. Crete (Ep. Kissamos) and the island of Kithira. Phyllary appendages crescent-shaped or semicircular, 0.6-1 mm; teeth or short spines 0.1-0.6 mm. Florets yellow.
*subsp. chionantha (Turland & L. Chilton) Greuter in Willdenowia 33: 54 (2003).
= C. argentea var. chionantha Turland & L. Chilton in Bot. Chron. 13: 77 (2000).
Endemic to E. Crete (Afendis Kavousi area). Phyllary appendages triangular to triangular-ovate, 1.4-3.5 mm; spines 0.6-2 mm. Florets white, fertile ones reddish purple at the apex.
*subsp. macrothysana (Rech. f.) Turland & L. Chilton in Bot. Chron. 13: 76 (2000).
Endemic to W. Crete (Lefka Ori), C. Crete (Asterousia Ori) and E. Crete (Ziros mountains). Like subsp. chionantha but florets yellow.

Centaurea benedicta (L.) L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1296 (1763).
= Cnicus benedictus L. (FCA: 63; FCS: 30).
Cnicus L. was included in Centaurea L. by Greuter (2003b).

Centaurea pumilio L., nom. & orth. cons. (FCA: 61).
Font & al. (2002) separated Crocodylium Hill (an earlier name for Aegialophila Boiss. & Heldr.) from Centaurea L. and treated Centaurea pumilio as Crocodylium pumilio (L.) N. García & Susanna (loc. cit.: 25, as C. "pumilum"). However, Greuter (2003b) included Aegialophila within Centaurea.

Centaurea raphanina Sm. (FCA: 62; FCS: 29).
Greuter (2003b: 55) recognized two subspecies in the Cretan area.
*subsp. raphanina
The widespread, phrygana ecotype characterized by acaulescent habit and pinnate leaves (Greuter, loc. cit.).
*subsp. saxatilis (K. Koch) Greuter in Willdenowia 33: 55 (2003).
= C. saxatilis (K. Koch) B. D. Jacks. (FCA: 62).
Recorded from E. Crete (Ep. Pedias and Ep. Ierapetra/Sitia) by Greuter (loc. cit.), who described it as a rock-crevice ecotype characterized by lanceolate, entire to subpinnate, glabrous leaves and cuneate-based capitula borne on short, scapiform stems.

Chlamydophora tridentata (Delile) Ehrenb. ex Less. (FCA: 62).
Post-1930 occurrence in the Cretan area confirmed. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island, 0-200 m, by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 317). Further recorded from Ep. Selinos: Gavdopoula island, Ep. Ierapetra: Gaïdouronisi island (including Mikronisi) and Ep. Sitia: Koufonisi island (including Makrouli, Strongili and Trahilos) by Bergmeier & al. (2001: 337).

Cichorium intybus L. (FCA: 63).
= C. intybus subsp. glabratum (C. Presl) Wagenitz & Bedarff (FCS: 30).
Subspecies glabratum treated as a synonym of C. intybus in the Euro+Med database.

Cichorium pumilum Jacq. (FCA: 63).
= C. endivia L. subsp. divaricatum (Schousb.) P. D. Sell (FCS: 30).
Treated as C. pumilum in the Euro+Med database.

Cladanthus Cass.

Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall., Fl. Gén. Env. Paris 2: 576 (1827).
= Chamaemelum mixtum (L.) All. (FCA: 62).
Treated as C. mixtus in the Euro+Med database.

Coleostephus Cass.

Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb. f. in Rchb. & Rchb. f., Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 16: 49 (1853).
= Leucanthemum myconis (L.) Giraud (FCA: 68-69).
Treated as C. myconis in the Euro+Med database.

Cota J. Gay
Separated from Anthemis L. in the Euro+Med database.

Cota altissima (L.) J. Gay in Guss., Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2: 867 (1845).
= Anthemis altissima L. (FCA: 57; FCS: 25).

Cota palaestina Kotschy in Unger & Kotschy, Ins. Cypern: 240 (1865).
= Anthemis melanolepis Boiss. (FCA: 58).

Crepis foetida L. (FCA: 64).
The Euro+Med database recognizes subsp. glandulosa (C. Presl) Arcang. (Comp. Fl. Ital.: 432. 1882) and subsp. sitiaca Rech. f. (in Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 80(12): 62. 1943) as "preliminary accepted", giving both taxa for the Cretan area, the latter as endemic.

Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm. in Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins 30: 79 (1913) (FCA: 64; FCS: 31).
The Euro+Med database recognizes subsp. nemausensis (P. Fourn.) Babc. (in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 22: 731. 1947) as "preliminary accepted", giving the taxon for the Cretan area. Note also the earlier place of publication of the species name than that given in FCA and FCS.

Cyanus Mill.
Separated from Centaurea L. by Greuter (2003b).

*Cyanus baldaccii (Degen ex Halácsy) Holub in Preslia 46: 228 (1974).
= Centaurea baldaccii Degen ex Halácsy (FCA: 61; FCS: 28).

Cyanus depressus (M. Bieb.) Soják (= Centaurea depressa M. Bieb.).
See notes under Convolvulus libanoticus below.

[Cyanus segetum] Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 29 (1762).
= Centaurea cyanus L. (FCS: 28).
Further recorded from W. Crete, Ep. Apokoronos: Neos Kournas, between Balarina and Dramia, by Böhling (in Greuter & Raus, 2001: 321), who regarded the species as fully naturalized in the Cretan area, and Ep. Kidonia: 1 km NNE of Deres by Jahn (in Greuter & Raus, 2002: 196-197), who regarded the species as "doubtfully naturalised".
Naturalized; grazed and cultivated fields, waste places, bulldozed area on phyllitic schist; 0-250 m; fl. May to July.

Cynara cardunculus L. (FCA: 65; FCS: 31).
The Euro+Med database recognizes C. scolymus L. as separate from C. cardunculus but as "preliminary accepted", giving both species for the Cretan area, the former as introduced, the latter as native.

Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (FCA: 65).
subsp. angustifolia (Bég.) Greuter in Willdenowia 33: 242 (2003).
= D. orientalis Brullo & De Marco in Portugaliae Acta Biol. 19: 345 (2000).
Eastern Mediterranean plants of D. viscosa were separated as D. orientalis by Brullo & De Marco (2000). That species was in turn treated as D. viscosa subsp. angustifolia by Greuter (2003d: 242).

Echinops spinosissimus subsp. bithynicus (Boiss.) Greuter in Willdenowia 33: 58 (2003).
The same combination was made by Kožuharov (in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71: 41. 1975), but it was not validly published there because the basionym was not cited.

Erigeron L.
Conyza Less. was included in Erigeron by Greuter (2003a).

Erigeron bonariensis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 863 (1753).
= Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (FCA: 63).

Erigeron canadensis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 863 (1753).
= Conyza canadansis (L.) Cronquist (FCA: 63).

Erigeron sumatrensis Retz., Observ. Bot. 5: 28 (1788).
= Conyza albida Willd. ex Spreng. (FCA: 63).
= C. sumatrensis (Retz.) Walker (FCS: 30).

Filago cretensis subsp. cycladum Wagenitz (FCA: 66).
New to Crete. Recorded from Ep. Selinos: Gavdos island by Bergmeier & al. (1997: 318), who noted that "few specimens" in the single collection that they assigned to subsp. cycladum are transitional between that taxon and subsp. cretensis. Further recorded from Ep. Sitia: Strongili and Makrouli islets near Koufonisi island by Bergmeier & al. (2001: 337).

Galactites tomentosus Moench (FCA: 66; FCS: 32).
Strictly speaking, the correct name for this species in Galactites Moench is G. elegans (All.) Nyman ex Soldano, based on Centaurea elegans All. 1785, which has priority over G. tomentosus Moench 1794. To prevent the long-established name G. tomentosus from being displaced, Turland (2005) proposed that name for conservation against C. elegans. Note also the masculine gender of Galactites in accordance with Art. 62.4 of the ICBN (McNeill & al., 2006).

Galatella Cass.
Separated from Aster L. by Greuter (2003a).

Galatella cretica Gand., Fl. Cret.: 59 (1916).
= Aster creticus (Gand.) Rech. f. (FCA: 58; FCS: 26).

Glebionis Cass.
The conservation of the name Chrysanthemum with C. indicum L. as the conserved type (replacing C. coronarium L.; see McNeill & al., 2006: 316) means that Chrysanthemum now applies to the Asian genus previously treated as Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul. and the two Mediterranean species must be treated under Glebionis.

Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 10: 181 (1841).
= Chrysanthemum coronarium L., nom. cons. (FCA: 62; FCS: 29).
var. coronaria
Ligules yellow throughout.
var. discolor (d'Urv.) Turland in Taxon 53: 1073 (2004).
= C. coronarium var. discolor d'Urv. (FCA: 62, in note).
Ligules yellow at the base, white distally.

Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 90 (1869).
= Chrysanthemum segetum L. (FCA: 62; FCS: 29).

Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) F. W. Schmidt in Samml. Phys.-Ökon. Aufsätze 1: 279 (1795).
= H. cretica (L.) Dum. Cours. (FCA: 66; FCS: 32).
Treated as H. rhagadioloides in the Euro+Med database. The two names are based on Hyoseris rhagadioloides L. (Sp. Pl. 2: 809. 1753) and Hyoseris cretica L. (loc. cit.: 810) and therefore have equal priority. The correct name depends on which name was accepted first while simultaneously treating the other in synonymy; see Art. 11.5 of the ICBN (McNeill & al., 2006). The Euro+Med database also includes subsp. tubaeformis (Ten.) Hayek (in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2): 807. 1931) as "preliminary accepted", giving the taxon for the Cretan area.

Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don in Loudon, Hort. Brit.: 342 (1830).
subsp. microphyllum (Willd.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 382 (1879).
= H. microphyllum (Willd.) Cambess. (FCA: 67).
Treated as H. italicum subsp. microphyllum in the Euro+Med database.

Hieracium schmidtii Tausch (FCA: 67).
The Euro+Med database accepts this species, presumably in an aggregate sense, and accepts within it H. pallidum Biv. (see note in FCA), including within that taxon H. pallidum subsp. creticum Zahn (in Engl., Pflanzenr. 75: 221. 1921) as "preliminary accepted" and endemi